Process for the production of butyl alcohol by fermentation



Patented Aug. 4, 1936 PROCESS FOR ALCOHOL BY 'rma' raonUc'rroN or num mammnon Cornelius F. Anberger, 'l'erre Haute, Ind., as-

signorto Commercial Solvents Corporation, Terre Haute, Ind., a corporation of Maryland No Drawing. Application March serial No. 714,633

19 claims.

My invention relates to the production of butyl alcohol and other valuableproducts by the fermentation of sugar-containing solutions. More specifically, my invention relates to the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone and ethyl this general group,

alcohol by the fermentation" of sugar solutions by means of certain bacteria of the type Clostridium saccharo acetobutylicum hereinbelow described.

It is known that soluble carbohydrate mashesmay be successfully fermented by organisms of the general type Clostridium. saccharo acetobutylz'cum. Characteristics ofthis group of organisms are set forth in copending applications Serial No. 675,459 by woodruif et al.,'filed June 12, 1933, and Serial No. 650,736, filedJanuary 7, 1933. The previously known types of bacteria falling in such as Clostfidium saccharo acetobutylicum-alpha have been. found to give high yields of solvents from relatively low concentrations of carbohydratein the mash. The yields, however, were undesirably low for conoentrations of sugar greater than 6%. This has meant that for optimum fermentation the concentration of. solvents in the fermented mash is lower than is desirable for most economic recovery. Likewise, the yield of solvents per unit of fermentation equipment is lower-than would be possible if optimum fermentations' could be secured in'higher concentration meshes.

I have now found that such fermentation can i be secured by means of hitherto undescribed types of bacteria of the general type C'lostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum. with these types of bacteria, and subject to control of the acidity of the mash during the process of fermentation consistent'yields above 30% can be obtained in 6% sugar meshes with concentrations of solvents in the fermented mash consistently above 20 grams per liter. It is thus seen that a substantial increase in yield per unit of plant equipment is secured, with a corresponding decrease in cost of recovery of solvents from the fermented mesh.

The types of. bacteria which are employed in my invention have, in addition to the characteristic of fermenting high concentration mashes. a second characteristic which facilitates their identification and isolation. This is a. pronounced chromogenesis ranging from yellow-orange to red. on agar media, the coloroi' the bacterial growth usually ranges from yellow to orang later changing to a brownish color, whereas, on gelatin media, the growth may become adeep red which may also diffuse into the medium. For the pur- I. Morphological r A. Rod-shaped f B. Spore-formingClostridia and Plectridia I C. Practically indistinguishable from members of the Clostridz'um Dutyricum group II. A. Biochemical 1. Ability to produce yields of butyi 9.1-

echo] and acetone consistently above 30% on the weight of the sugar from 6% sucrose media or unv inverted molasses meshes of the type described herein. 2. Ability to produce yields of butyl alcchol and acetone consistently above 30% on the weight of the Sugar from 6% glucose media with suitable nutrients, or an inverted molases B. Nitrogen metabolism 1. Ability to produce high yields of butyl alcohol and acetone in sugar containing ammonia as the pal source of nitrogen 2. Ability to utilize degraded protein (in- I eluding ammonia) as the sole nitrogen source princi- 3. Inability to utilize undeg'raded profor solvent producpresent invention are the m so I acteristics of the above outline, irrespective of any other properties which they might possess.

Prior art organisms as well as newly isolated strains are included in the scope of my invention if they satisfy the requirements of the outline. It will naturally be understood, however, that my invention does not cover the use of prior art organisms except under the specific fermentation conditions described and claimed herein.

Two'examples of strains of bacteria coming within the scope ofmy invention are described below in accordance with the Descriptive Chart of the Society, of American Bacteriologists.

Name of organism: Clostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum-beta Source: Soil I. Morphology 1. Vegetative cells Medium used: Potato-glucose mash: 24

hours at 30 C. Form: Short and long rods Arrangement: Single and chains Limits of length: 3.0-7.2 microns: of diameter 1.3-3.1 microns Size of majority: 4.5 x 1.5 micro Ends: Rounded 2. Sporangia: Present Medium used: Potato-glucose mash Form: Spindled,clavate 3. Endospores: Present Medium used: Potato-glucose mash Stain used: Nigrosin Location of endospores: Central to terminal Form: Ellipsoidal to cylindrical 4. Motility In broth: on agar: 5. Flagella: Present 6. Irregular forms: Many v 7. Gram stain: Positive 24 hours II. Cultural characteristics 1. Gelatin stab a Medium used: Glucose gelatin (1% glu- Incubation temperature: 22 C. Age: 30days Growth: Moderate a Line of puncture: Beaded Liquefaction: None Degree of liquefaction in 30 days: None Medium: Changed to reddish hue due to diffused color from bacterial growth.

2. Agar colonies v l Medium used: 2% glucose agar containing 0.1% sulphate Incubation temperature: 30 C. Age: 3 days Growth: Slow Form: Circular Surface: Smooth 1 Elevation: Raised to con Edge: Entire Internal structure: Finely-granular Color: Yellow to orange oose, 0.8% sodium chloride, pH 6.6 to 6.8)-

3. Agar colonies Medium used: 2% glucose agar contr ing 0.1% ammonium sulphate Incubation temperature: 30 C.

Age: 10 days 5 Fermentation pI-I range: 4.0-7.0 15

3. Chromogenesis' Nutrient gelatin: Reddish pink to deep red. Nutrient agar: Yellow-orangeto brown 4. Production of indole Medium: Peptone broth 20 Age: 96 hours Test used: Paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde I Presence: Absent a 5; Relation to oxygen 25 Medium: 2% glucose agar containing 0.1%

ammonium sulphate Aerobic growth: None Anerobic growth: Moderate Medium: Molasses mash containing cal 30- cium carbonate and ammonium sulphate, in deep tubes Aerobic growth: Abundant Anaerobic growth: Abundant 6. Litmus milk 35 Reaction: Acid in 3'days Y Acid curd: Slowly formed, 7-14 days Peptonization: None at 30 day Reduction of litmus: Beginning: 1 day 4' End: Uncertain due to oxidation of litmus by atmosphere above medium 7. Nitrate reduction Medium: Potato mash (8% containing 1% glucose and 0.1% potassium nitrate) 5 Test for nitrites: Alphanaphthylaminesulphanilic acid Time Gas Nitriiss 8. Corn mash fermentation 5 Medium: Corn mash (7%) containing 0.2% ammonium sulphate and 0.2% calcium carbonate Temperature of incubation: 33' C.

Age: 68 hours Solvent production: 1.9 grams per liter of fermented mash: 2.7% calculated on weight of dry corn I 9. .Soluble carbohydrate fermentation Medium used: 1.0% carbohydrate 0.04% KHsPOt 0.06% Km 0.03% (NHda'SO; 0.02% M8504 .001% NaCl .001% MnSO; .001% new. pEadJusted to 8.3 15

b mmer-Dementia.

Incubation temperature: C. Time 72 hours V Carbohydrate Soluble- N ative-islight; H modemtei+H abundant. Name oi. organism:

Source: Soil I. Morphology 1. Ve etative cells Medium used: Potato-glucose mash: 24. hours at 30 C. Form: Short and long rods Arrangement: Single and chains Limits of length: 3.6-115 microns of diameter 0.9-2.5 microns Size of majority: 4.6 x 1.5 microns Ends: Rounded 2. Pzment Medium used: Potato-glucose mash Form: Spindled,'clavate 1 3.Endospores: Present Medium used: Potato-glucose mash Stain used: Nigrosin Location of endospores: Central to termi-,

'nal. A Form: Ellipsoidal to cylindrical 4.Motllity e r In broth:

6. Irregular i'orms': Many 7. Gram stain: Positive 24 hours II. characteristics 7 1. Gelatin Stab Medium used: Glucose gelatin (1% glucose, v

0.8% sodium chloride, pH 6.6 to 6.8) Incubation temperature: 22' C. Age:;30 days Growth: .Moderate Line of pimcturez Beaded Liquefaction: None Degree otliquetaction in 30 days: None Medium: Changed to reddish hue due to m: Large. irregular Surface: Smooth; glistening Elevation: Convex Edge: Undulate Color: Orange to brown III. Physiology 1. Temperature relations 7 Fermentation temperature range: 24- 40 C;

2. Relation to reaction of medium Fermentation pH range: 4.0-7.0

3. Chromogenesis Nutrient gelatin: Reddish Nutrient agar:

pink to deep red Yellow-orange to brown 4. Production of indole l5 Medium: Peptone broth Age: 96 hours Test used: Paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde Presence: Absent 5. Relation to oxygen Medium: 2% glucose agar containing 0.1%

ammonium sulphate Aerobic growth: None Anaerobic growth: Moderate I Medium: Molasses mash containing calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate. in deep tubes Aerobic growth: Abundant V 30 Anaerobic growth: Abundant 6. litmus milk A Reaction: Acid in 3 days Acid curd: Slowly formed, 7-14 days Peptonization: None at 30 days Reduction of litmus:

1 day End: Uncertain due to oxidation of litmus by atmosphere above medium 7. Nitrate reduction Medium: Potato mash (8% containing 1% glucose and 0.1% potassium nitrate) Test for nitrites: alphanaphthylamine- Gas Nitrite! 8. Corn mash fermentation Medium: Cornr'nash (7%) containing 0.2%

ammonium sulphate and 0.2% calcium carbonate 7 Temperature'of incubation: 33'' C. Age: 68hours Solvent production: 12.2 grams per liter of fermented mash: 17.5%.calculated on weight of dry corn 7 9. Soluble carbohydrate fermentation Medium med: 1.0% carbohydrate V 1 0.5% peptone 0.04%-KH:P04 0.06% K2HPO4 0.03% (NHlhSOl 0.02% M3804 .001% Na'Cl .001% M13804 .001% 1 eS04 pH adjusted to 6:3

Boluble starch Dnxtrl n 4 Name of organism: Clostridium saccharo-acetobutulicum-yamma-Contd.

Incubation temperature: 30 C. Time: 72 hours Carbohydrate -Negative; +siight; +moderate; +abuudant.

It may be seen from the above examples that these types of bacteria differ only in minor characteristics, especially in carbohydrate fermentation reactions. In the essential characteristics of the outline previously given, these types are identical. It is known to those skilled in the art that many of the characteristics included in the descriptive chart are variable and that different results may be obtained by only slight changes in the media, age of culture, or fermentation con-' ditions. These charts, therefore, are included herein as an aid in identification of the particular types of bacteria and not, as an absolute limitation. It is believed that with the aid of the general outline previously given and the above descriptive charts, one skilled in the art can readily identify the beta and gamma types with certainty in spite of slight variations in the minor characteristics of the chart. In any event, a check can be obtained by testing the culture at. different intervals and under slightly different fermentation conditions, noting the characteristics which appear most consistently.

The types'of bacteria included in my invention are widely distributed in nature and may be isolated from such various sources as soil, rotten wood, grain, corn stalks, river mud, and the like.

, plating on solid media, single cell isolation, and

'ferred to above.

the like, may be employed. In view of the pronounced chromogenesis of these types, plating on solid media is particularly well adapted to the isolation. A suitable procedure is set forth in co-pendlng application Serial No. 675,459, re- This procedure may be followed exactly with the exception that in the plating step the colonies to be picked are those showr ing the chromogenetic property previously described.

The fermentation conditions which are required for consistent optimum yields with the types of bacteria described herein are, briefly, the presence of a soluble carbohydrate as the source of carbohydrate, the presence of degraded protein (ineluding ammonia) as the source of nitrogen, a fermentation temperature of .24" C. to 40 C., preferaby 29-30 0., and the control of the resting on the bottom of the fermentation vessel acidity of the mash during the fermentation such that the final hydrogen ion concentration, obtained by the action of the bacteria, falls within the range of pH 5.0 to pH 6.2, preferably 5.5-5.85. Of course, additional known fermentation condi- 5 tions which are usually employed with any organism of this general type, such as the presence of necessary mineral elements (e. g., phosphates and the like), may be employed in the usual. manner known to those skilled in the art; but these will not often be necessary with such materials as cane molasses.

The control of the hydrogen ion concentration during the fermentation is of primary importance for securing optimum yields. Although the initial hydrogen ion concentration may vary over a considerable range, the final pH obtained by the action of the bacteria must fall within definite limits if consistent high yields of solvents are to be secured. The final pH secured by the action of the bacteria may be controlled by the introduction of certain materials into the mash at the beginning of the fermentation. For example,'I have found that if calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, iron carbonate, or other insoluble nontoxic base, is added to the mash in an amount sufflcient to neutralize any free acidity then existing, and an amount in excess of this to the extent of about 5-'7% on the weight of sugar, the final pH of the fermentation will be found to be within the operative range. Although the various materials mentioned may be satisfactorily used in my process, calcium carbonate has been found, in most cases, to be especially well suited for this purpose, and is to be preferred from an economic standpoint. However, in choosing the material to be employed the composition of the medium should be considered and a material chosen which will not give rise to an undesirable concentration of a particular metal ion, even though generally considered to be non-toxic in character. I

. The amount to be added in any particular case -will of course depend to some extent on the composition of the mash. For example, a mash containing a substantial amount of phosphates, or other material having a buffering action, will require less calcium carbonate than one which is devoid of such materials. Various samples of calcium carbonate will also differ in respect to the amount which is necessary to use, due to the physical properties of the material and also to its chemical properties, as for example, the presence of substantial amounts of lime. In any particular case, preliminary fermentations will enable one skilled in the art to determine the optimum concentration for the calcium carbonateemployed.

' However, in general it may be said that from 3% to 10% on the weight of the sugar,in excess of that required to neutralize the original acidity, will give very satisfactory results. 'The calcium carbonate or other insoluble base used should, in general, be sufficiently finely divided so that when they will present a considerable surface to the fermenting mash. when employing this means of controlling the hydrogen ion concentration, undue agitation should be avoided so as to prevent the possibility of fixing too large a percentage of 0 I the acids produced in the early stages of the fermentation, and thus undesirably displacing the v equilibrium of the ermentation; It should be I definitely understoo that the purpose of the addition of the basic materials in this process is not to neutralize all the acids produced in the fermen-v tation, but merely to control the hydrogen ion concentration'in such, a manner that the final pH secured by the action of the bacteria (and not by the action of neutralizing agents) falls within the specified limits.

It is to be understood that this invention is not to be limited to the particular means employed for securing the desired final hydrogen ion concentration. Any equivalents or modifications which would naturally occur to one skilled in the art may, of course, be employed. For ex-.

ample, an accurate pH control may be main tained by continuous or semi-continuous addi tion of an alkaline material, such as ammonia, during the activestage of the fermentation and until after the "acidity break. However, the mechanical difliculties or procedures of this nature are well known to those skilled in the art. Even a slight over-neutralization at any time during the fermentation will often result in inhibiting further active fermentation for a period of many hours or even days. Consequently, automatic electromctri'c titration apparatus is most desirable if such a procedure is employed. In any procedure of this nature, the pH should be controlled to approximate that obtained when the specified amounts of insoluble basic materials are employed.

From the standpoint of simplicity of operation, it is preferred to'control the acidity of the mash during the fermentation by means of the insoluble materials such as calcium carbonate. It has been found that for a wide'range of grades of molasses, approximately 5 to '1 of calcium carbonate or the like, calculated on the weight of the sugar in the mash, secures adequate control of the acidity, whereby the final pH secured by the action of the bacteria'falls within the desired limits. This fact may be seen to obviate the necessity for individual treatment of each sample of molasses unless the ultimate possible yield is desired.

The temperature range which has been foundto be most suitable for fermentation by the types of bacteria of the present invention is within the limits 28 C. to 32 C. Growth will occur and sometimes active fermentation will take place over a much wider range, but for consistent high yields of solvents from commercial sugar-containing mashes the-temperature should be maintained Within the range specified, and preferably within the narrower range 29-30 C.

With-regard to the necessary nutrients for this fermentation, it may be said that degraded protein nitrogen is essential. As used here and in the appended claims, the term "degraded protein nitrogen is to be taken as including hydrolytic degradation products such as polypeptides, amino acids, etc., metabolic degradation products such as urea, etc., and the final degradation product, ammonia, and its salts. Although ammonia (or an ammonium compound such as the sulphate, etc.) alone has been found to give satisfactory yields of solvents, itis preferred to use a mixture of ammonia and partially degraded protein materials such as yeast water, steep water, and the like, in order to consistently secure optimum yields. However, very satisfac ory results are obtained when using only partial y degraded protein material as the nitrogen source. For example, materials such as yeast water, steep water,

and the distillery slop from the Clostridium acetobutglicum (Weizmann) fermentation have been found to be satisfactory. Although undegraded protein, such as corn gluten, corn germ meal, and the like cannot be utilized as the sole source of nitrogen, smallamounts of such materials, in addition to ammonia or partially degraded protein, sometimes produce improved results. Other nutrient materials such as mineral elements, e. g. phosphates and the. like, should be present in small amounts as in the case of other known fermentations. However, if crude sugar solutions such as molasses mashes are employed, these materials will usually be found to be present in sufficient; amounts. The amount of ammonia or degraded protein to be added will also vary with the raw material used. For example, certain samples of molasses may be found to have sufficient ammonium compounds and other degraded protein so that very little more needbe added. In general, it may be saidthat with cane molasses mashes from 0.7 to 1.7% of NH: as ammonium sulphate on the weight of the sugar or an-equivalent amount of other degraded protein, will give satisfactory results.

A suitable mash for use in the present invention may be prepared by diluting cane molasses to a sugar concentration of about 6%, adding about 0.2% of ammonium sulphate, 0.2% of corn germ meal, and 0.4% of calcium carbonate and sterilizing for 30 minutes at 20 lbs. pressure. Of course, it is well known to those skilled in the art that different samples ofmolasses vary in a number of respects, such as sugar content, ash content, and the like. These variations naturally change somewhat the mashing procedure in different cases. For example, some samples of mo- I lasses may be found to be lacking in sufficient mineral elements such as phosphates and the like, Other samples may be found to be lacking in partially degraded nitrogenous material. Also, there are certain unknown factors present in some types of molasses which make it desirable to use lower concentrations than in the case of other more suitable types. In any particular case, one skilled in the art may determine the special requirements, if any, by preliminary fermentations and may then make such changes as are necessary in solvent ratios are obtained;

Butyl alcohol above 64%; usually 68-73% Acetone above 18%; usually 26-32% Ethyl alcohol below\ 6%; usually 1- 3% The gases given oif during the fermentation consist of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a ratio of COz/Ha of the order of magnitude of 2 to 1.

The following specific examples will serve to /illustrate the process of the present invention:

7 Example I A mash, prepared as described above, was inoculated with 4% of a sixth generation 6".1- ture of Clostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum-beta and incubated at 30 C. for 72 hours. The following yield of solvents'was obtained:

S olvent yield i su ar n Percent o mash Grams per calculiter latcd on sugar Example I! mashes of different concentrations:

Solvent yield Concentration of sugar in Percent mash Grams per calculiter lated on sugar 5. 0 17. 1 33. 8 5. 5 l8. 4 33. 2 6. 0 20. 4 33. 3 0. 5 20. 4 31. It

hydrate since this material ls available in the largest quantities, is low priced, and is fairly standard in composition. If raw materials other than molasses are utilized, one skilled in the art may readily make such adjustments in the compositionof the media as are necessary to approximate the composition illustrated for molasses. Also, various other sources of degraded protein nitrogen, such as amino acids, urea, and the like, may be employed. One skilled in the art may readily determine by preliminary fermentations the optimum concentration of the particular degraded protein material which it is desired to employ. The hydrogen ion control may also be effected by means of materials other than those specifically mentioned. For example, other non-toxic materials which are substantially water-insoluble may be used, or soluble materials may be used if they are added in such a manner as to simulate the effect of the nonsoluble materials in the amounts specified.

In general, it may be said that equivalentsand modifications of procedure which would naturally occur to one skilled in the art. may be employed without departing from thescope of my invention. 1

My invention now having been described, what I claim is:

1. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises effecting the fermentation of a mash containing soluble carbohydrate as the principal nitrogen, by means of bacteria of the group Clostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum characterized by their orange to red chromogenesisand their ability to produce high yields of solvents from mashes having sugar concentrations at least as high as 6.0%, said fermentation being effected at temperatures from 24 C; to 40 C., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.0 to pH 6.2.

2. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises effecting the fermentation of a mash containing soluble carbohydrate 'as the principal fermentable carbohydrate, anddegraded protein nitrogen, by means of bacteria of the group C'lostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum characterized by their orange to red chromogenesis and their ability to produce high yields of solvents from mashes having sugar concentrations at least as high as 6.0%, said fermentation being effected attemperatures from 24 0., to 40 C., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation by the action of non-toxic insoluble basic neutralizing agents, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured-by the action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.0 to pH 6.2.

3. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises effecting the fermentation of a mash containing soluble carbohydrate asthe principal i'ermentable carbohydrate, and degraded protein nitrogen, by means of bacteria of the' group Clostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum characterized by their orange to red chromogenesis and their ability to produce high yieldsof solvents from .mashes having sugar concentrations at least as high as 6.0%, said fermentation being effected at temperatures from 24 C. to 40 C., while controlling the acidity of the mash during fermentation by the action of calcium carbonate, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured bythe action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.0 to pH 6.2.

4. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone,-and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing soluble carbohydrate. as the principal fermentable carbohydrate, and degraded protein nitrogen, to the action of Clostridium saccharo-acetobutylicumbeta, at temperatures of from 24 C. to 40 C., whilecontrolling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.0 to pH 6.2.

5. A process for the production of normal mash during the fermentation, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.5 to pH 5.85.

6. A process for the production of normal butyl v alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises, subjecting a mash containing molasses as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound the action of Clos- 75 fermentable carbohydrate, and degraded protein 2,000,219 iridiam mccharo-aceiobutylicum-beta, at temperatures of from 24 C. to 40 0., while controltion, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action oi. the bacteria 'i'alls within the range pH 5.0 to 6.2.

7. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone,'and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing molasses as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound to the actionot 010stridium wccharo-acetobutylicuyn-beta, at temperatures oifrom24' 0. to 40 0., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation. by the action oi non-toxic insoluble basic neutralizing agents, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured bythe action of the bacteria falls within the range PH 5.0 to pH 6.2.

8. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing molasses as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound to the action of Clostridiu'm saccharo-acetobutylicum-bctc, at temperatures of from 28 0. to 32 0., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation by the action of calcium carbonate, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action 01 the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.5 to pH 5.85.

9. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone; and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing molasses as the principal iermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compolmd to the action of Closiridium saccharo-acetobutylicum-bcta, at temperatures of from 28 0. to 32 0., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation by the action of an amount of calcium carbonate ranging from 3% to 10% calculated on the weight of the sugar in excess of that required to neutralize the initial acidity of the mash.

- l0. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mesh containing molasses as the principal ierme'ntable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound to the action of Clostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum-beta, at temperatures of from 28 0. to 32 0., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation by the action of approximately 5% calcium carbonate calculated on the weight of the Sugar in excess of that required to neutralize the initial acidity oi the mash. r

11. A'process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing soluble carbohydrate as the principal fermentable car- 'gamma, at temperatures of from 24 0. to 40 0.,

bohydrate, and degraded protein nitrogen, to the action of Clostridium saccharo-ucetobutylicum- Gamma, at temperatures of from 24 0. to 40 0., while controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls within the range PH 5.0 to pH 6.2.

12. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing soluble carbohydrate as the principal fermentable carbohydrate, and degraded protein nitrogen, to'the action of clostridium saccharo-dcetobutylicumwhile controlling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation, whereby the final hydrogen ion ,gen, to the action 5.0 to pH 6.2.

7 concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.5 to pH 5.85. ling the acidity oi the mash during the iermenta- 13. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which 7 comprises subjecting a mash containing molasses as the principalfermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound to the action of ling the acidity of the mash during the fermentation by the action of non-toxic, insoluble basic neutralizing agents, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by theaction of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.0 to pH 6.2. 15. A process for the production ofnormal butyi alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containingmolasses as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound to the} action of C'lostridium scccharo-acetobutylicum-gamma, at temperatures of from 28 0; to 32 0., 'while controlling the acidity of the mash during the termentation by the action of calcium carbonate, whereby the final hydrogen, ion concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls within the range pH 5.5 to pH 5.85.

16. A process for the" production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol-which comprises subjecting a mash containing molasses as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium compound to the, actionof C'lostridium saccharo-acetobutylicum-gamm, at temperatures of from 28 C. to 32 v0., while controlling the acidity of the mash during-the fermentation by the action of an amount of calcium carbonate rangiig irom 3% to 10%. calculated on the weight of the sugar in excessof' that required, to neutralize the acidity oi the 17. A process for the production of normal butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and .an ammonium compound to the action of Clostridiam soccharo-acetobutylicum-gamma, .at

temperatures of from 28 0. to 32 0.,- whileconbutyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which comprises subjecting a mash containing soluble carbohydrate as the principal fermentable carbohydrate and an ammonium "compound inail-- L'lost ridium soccharo-acetobutylieum-gainma, at

comprises subjecting a mash containing molasses mixture with partially degraded protein nitrooi Clostridium saccharoacetobutylicum-beto, 26 0. to 32 0., while controliing'the acidity of the mash during the fermentation, whereby the final hydrogen ion concentration secured by the action of the bacteria falls at temperatures of from within the range pH 8 2,050,210 l 19. A recess for the production of normal aoetobutyiicum-aamma, at temperatures of from butyl aic hol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which 28 C. to 32 C., while controlhng the acidity of comprises subjecting a mash containing soluble the mash during the fermentation, whereby the carbohydrate as the principal fermentable earfinal hydrogen ion concentration secured by the 5 bohydrate and an ammonium compound in adaction of the bacteria falls within the range pH 6 mixture with partially degraded protein nitroto pH 5.85.

gen, to the action of Clostridium saccharo- CORNELIUS F. ARZBERGER.

I Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,050,219. August 4, 1936.

CORNELIUS F. ARZBERGER It is hereby. certified that errors appear in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 4, first column, line 55, for of? after techniques readfor; page 7, second column, line 71, claim 18, for 26 C. read 28 C. and that the said Letters Patent should be read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and scaled this 27th day of October, A. D. 1936.

[SEAL] HENRY VAN ARSDALE,

- Acting Commissioner of Patents.

8 2,050,210 l 19. A recess for the production of normal aoetobutyiicum-aamma, at temperatures of from butyl aic hol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol which 28 C. to 32 C., while controlhng the acidity of comprises subjecting a mash containing soluble the mash during the fermentation, whereby the carbohydrate as the principal fermentable earfinal hydrogen ion concentration secured by the 5 bohydrate and an ammonium compound in adaction of the bacteria falls within the range pH 6 mixture with partially degraded protein nitroto pH 5.85.

gen, to the action of Clostridium saccharo- CORNELIUS F. ARZBERGER.

I Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,050,219. August 4, 1936.

CORNELIUS F. ARZBERGER It is hereby. certified that errors appear in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Page 4, first column, line 55, for of? after techniques readfor; page 7, second column, line 71, claim 18, for 26 C. read 28 C. and that the said Letters Patent should be read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and scaled this 27th day of October, A. D. 1936.

[SEAL] HENRY VAN ARSDALE,

- Acting Commissioner of Patents. 

